Dr Walter Kolch
Growing up in a small village in lower Austria, Dr Walter Kolch initially pursued archeology before switching to medicine at the University of Vienna. His interest in research ignited during a small project, leading him to an illustrious career in precision medicine and systems biology. As Director of Systems Biology Ireland (SBI) at University College Dublin (UCD), Kolch has significantly contributed to the field, particularly in understanding signalling networks. He is ranked among the top in the world for precision oncology and systems medicine, underscoring his global influence. Kolch’s career spans the pharmaceutical industry, research institutes, and academia, where he has driven innovative programs in systems biology and precision medicine, securing over 250 million euros in competitive grants. Notably, he founded the Sir Henry Wellcome Functional Genomics Facility in 2001, pioneering multi-omics data integration. He also served as Scientific Director of the RASOR proteomics project, a £15 million initiative, and has led various large-scale interdisciplinary projects funded by the EU and UK research councils.
Kolch’s leadership extends to shaping precision medicine policy and funding at national and international levels, demonstrated by his role in strategic initiatives like Coordinating Action Systems Medicine and Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe. Recognised with the 2022 Science Foundation Ireland Mentorship Award, Kolch's journey reflects his passion for understanding and solving complex biological problems, driven by curiosity and a relentless pursuit of knowledge. His career trajectory from medical professional to leading scientist highlights a consistent motivation to explore, experiment, and contribute to the scientific community’s understanding of the world.
See below for Current Research Challenges
Current Research Challenges
Dr. Kolch's Digital Twins project is revolutionising cancer treatment by using advanced computer models and artificial intelligence (AI) to create personalised treatment plans for patients. This project, which began nearly ten years ago and recently received a significant boost in funding, aims to develop "digital twins" for cancer patients. These digital twins are detailed computer simulations that predict how a patient's cancer will respond to different drugs, helping doctors choose the most effective treatments.
One of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment is drug resistance, where tumours initially respond to treatment but then grow back. Traditionally, this was thought to be due to genetic mutations in the cancer cells. However, Kolch's research has discovered that non-genetic factors, like biochemical memory, also play a crucial role. This means that cancer cells can remember being exposed to a drug and adapt to survive, even before genetic changes occur.
To create these digital twins, Kolch's team uses AI and machine learning to analyse various types of biological data from patients, such as genetic and protein information. By combining this data, they can build comprehensive mechanistic models that simulate a patient's unique cancer profile. These simulations can then predict how different drugs will affect the cancer, allowing clinicians to optimise treatment plans on the computer before trying them in real life.
One striking application of this technology has been in neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer. The digital twins can predict disease progression and treatment responses with unprecedented accuracy. This personalised approach has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy and mitigate side effects and reduce healthcare costs.
Kolch's research blends basic science and practical application. On one hand, it involves developing new algorithms and validating them experimentally, which is foundational scientific work. On the other hand, once these digital twins are proven effective, they can be quickly applied in clinical settings, making cancer treatment more precise and accessible.
In summary, the Digital Twins project represents a transformative leap in cancer treatment, combining computational power and molecular data to personalise and optimise therapy, addressing drug resistance, and paving the way for more accessible, cost-effective medical care.
The Researcher
Dr. Kolch’s work in cancer research has led to several key discoveries. One of his proudest moments was during his postdoctoral research when he introduced the concept of dominant negative mutants. By inserting defective proteins into cells, these mutants could inhibit cellular processes, allowing scientists to study the role of specific proteins. This method, adapted from genetic research on model organisms, proved effective in human cells, showing that blocking certain proteins could prevent normal cells from becoming cancerous. This finding provided a valuable tool for cancer research by enabling the observation and understanding of cellular processes through disruption.
Another significant achievement in Kolch’s career was the pioneering use of mass spectrometry to map signalling pathways within cells. Previously, identifying a single protein could take many years, but mass spectrometry revolutionised this, enabling the identification of up to ten thousand proteins in an afternoon. This advancement allowed Kolch and his team to construct detailed maps of cellular communication networks, crucial for understanding how cells process information and respond to their environment. These signalling pathways are like social interactions within a cell, where proteins interact and convey messages, guiding cellular responses and adaptations.
Kolch’s innovative use of mass spectrometry not only identified these protein interactions but also provided insights into the complex networks governing cellular behaviour. By reconstructing these networks, his research offered a new level of predictability and understanding of cellular functions. This breakthrough has significant implications for developing targeted cancer therapies by revealing how cancer cells communicate and adapt.
Kolch’s research journey has been characterised by persistence and adaptability. He emphasises the importance of knowing when to pivot in research, recognising when efforts are hitting a wall, and exploring new approaches or projects. This mindset has driven his success, allowing him to remain flexible and open to interdisciplinary insights that can drive innovation.
Outside the lab, Kolch enjoys sports like squash and skiing and has a passion for theatre and gliding, hobbies that provide balance and inspiration. He is inspired by Rudolf Virchow, a pioneering pathologist who viewed the body as a "republic of cells," each working together for the body to function properly, highlighting the importance of cellular cooperation in health and disease.
Future Research Aspirations
Dr. Kolch remains committed to advancing digital twins, a pursuit he expects to occupy his focus for the foreseeable future. Beyond this, his true passion lies in understanding how cells' remarkable adaptive abilities contribute to higher cognitive functions. He is particularly intrigued by how this evolutionary process shapes the rapid pattern recognition seen in humans and animals.
While driven by the overarching goal of contributing to cancer treatment, Dr. Kolch navigates between the intricate details of his research and the broader impact he aims to achieve. He emphasises the importance of periodically recentering on this ultimate goal amid the day-to-day complexities of scientific inquiry.
Dr. Kolch acknowledges that scientific discoveries can alter one's perspective on the big picture, shaped not only by personal insights but also by collaborations and external influences. He views collaborations as essential for fostering diverse perspectives and accelerating the pace of discovery.
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Dr Sourav Bhattacharjee
Dr Sourav Bhattacharjee grew up as an only child in Kolkata, India, and never saw himself as someone who would work or live in Ireland. He joined the Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata (India), in 1997 and graduated with an MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery) in 2004.
Sourav left India in 2006 to pursue an MSc in Biomolecular Sciences/Cell Biology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, upon completion he moved to the UK to work at Napier University Edinburgh and onwards to Wageningen University (Netherlands) to complete his PhD.
In 2014, having already secured his Dutch nationality, he was hired for a two-year postdoctoral position under the supervision of Prof David Brayden (UCD Conway Institute Fellow), working for the EU FP7-funded TRANS-INT consortium trying to develop nanoparticulate drug delivery platforms for oral insulin delivery.
In February 2016, Sourav joined the UCD School of Veterinary Medicine as an Assistant Professor in Veterinary Anatomy, while also trying to develop his own niche of research encompassing a broad range of nanobiotechnology and advanced biophotonic tools for biomedical diagnostics and drug delivery platforms.
Below we will outline his current research, challenges and future aspirations!
Current Research Challenges
His ongoing research is focused on developing biophotonic tools for early detection of cancer using tissue autofluorescence. ‘’Our new data analytic tools largely automate the data analysis and allow us to inspect more than what a human eye can see. We can now detect molecular level changes in the tissue occurring at very early stages of cancer. Our algorithm standardises the approach which, hopefully, can remove the human factor prone to certain biases in the future. Such automation would allow test larger volume of samples 24/7.’’
Sourav advises that the biggest challenge the research team has overcome to date was to understand the tissue at an unprecedented granular detail. The research was supported by SFI funding which he is highly appreciative of. The funding allowed acquiring a Leica Stellaris Falcon 8 microscope based at the Super-Resolution Imaging Consortium (SRIC) in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) that provided a resolution that is unparalleled. The availability of this microscope has pushed the boundaries in tissue microscopy, and he and his team of students remain grateful. The data obtained by the microscopes provides high quality data with incredible sensitivity. They seek to develop a highly sensitive screening tool for cancer detection at an early stage using ultrasensitive fluorescence emission from tissue blocks.
The Research team hopes to secure further funding to support the research project. The next challenge would be to cope with the large datasets. Tissue samples, as a material, are heterogeneous and difficult to examine with optical means. However, with the arrival of exciting data, they aim to develop a “traffic light system” for the users to understand the results. In a typical sense, a green signal would mean that the tissue seems normal, and an amber signal would mean that although the tissue overall seems fine, it needs a closer look or a follow-up in future. Finally, the red signal would mean that there is a certain pathology ingrained within the tissue that is worrying, and needs immediate attention.
Large-scale clinical trials with such emerging photonic platforms are not easy, and it needs proper infrastructure and computational ability to handle these large datasets. Such translational ambition, therefore, will require industry participation, perhaps even technology partners. To date, they are showcasing their research data to more and more researchers and gathering traction. Recently, Sourav presented some of the data in an invited talk at the University of Tartu and Estonia School of Life Sciences in Tartu, Estonia. You may watch the recording of the talk titled “Modelling Tissue Fabric Based on Autofluorescence: From Concepts to Applications” on YouTube ((opens in a new window)Watch here).
The Researcher
Sourav describes himself as a Professor of Anatomy and a Biophotonics and Drug Delivery researcher, an amateur historian, a poetry enthusiast, an avid reader, a world traveller, and a humourist who is passionate about mathematics. As a principal investigator, he loves challenges and the adrenaline kicks in seeking to resolve the questions emerging from the understanding of one area that only leads to another.
When asked to describe his career to date, he refers to himself as a jack of all trades, better described as an “academic nomad”.He has a broad perspective and experience, and as a scientist seeks to work across different disciplines to support understanding and teaching. The investment he has made in this, he claims, wasn't easy but the application of his life's work in this has set him up for success.
In discussing his research work, Sourav explains that research is not just a project to him but a memory. ‘’A memory of the good work, the people, the collaborations that were built and nurtured over time’’. He states, ‘’Science is built from inquisitiveness across the disciplines, driven by questions that push one beyond the boundaries of different schools or departments but towards a shared knowledge that propagates excellent researchers and research’’.
He is a member of the EDI committee of the School of Veterinary Medicine and was member of the applicant team that recently helped the Veterinary School, only the second school in UCD, to be recognised with an Athena Swan Silver Award.
Future Aspirations
When invited to share a little about his future aspirations or goals, Sourav told us that stepping up and playing a different role in bringing about significant changes in our world appeals to him. He wants to do more, not just as a researcher but perhaps as a politician, maybe at a European level. He sees Artificial intelligence as a key game changer in academia, although he is cautiously enthusiastic about the emerging AI tools. He plans to launch his data analytics company this summer. He is motivated by the role that fast evolving technology, Big Data and AI will play in resolving the challenges of our future caused by issues like climate change, migration, lack of housing, food security, emerging zoonotic diseases, ongoing armed conflicts, and the list goes on. Sourav wants to keep publishing alongside his daily schedule. Publishing, he says, keeps him sane, and with a smile, he is reminded of a previous professor of his who described him as “Crazy but in a good way!’’
If you are interested in learning more about Dr Sourav Bhattacharjee’s work and the issues that he wishes to address as socially relevant and close to his heart, you can catch him on his latest Talk Show (opens in a new window)here.
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